If you are interested in quickly learning about Vulkan validation layers and how they work in an application, this video walkthrough is for you. It gives a real world example with source code and diagram included.
PLEASE NOTE: In the source code, you may have to replace the directories listed on lines 444-445 with the full file path of where those files are on your system. To learn how to install and run Vulkan on a Windows machine, check out https://amzn.to/2vazKwn
Below is the code. Make sure to update the file path for the include (line 6 – 13) and update the file path for readfile (line 444 – 445).
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//Credit: Cudaeducation.com | A significant portion of this code is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 //INSTRUCTIONS: Update readfile directories on line 444-445 | Also make sure that include directories are correct #define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN #include <GLFW/glfw3.h> #define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS #define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE #include <glm/vec4.hpp> #include <glm/mat4x4.hpp> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <stdexcept> #include <algorithm> #include <vector> #include <cstring> #include <cstdlib> #include <cstdint> #include <optional> #include <set> const int WIDTH = 800; const int HEIGHT = 600; const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2; const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = { "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" }; const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = { VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME }; #ifdef NDEBUG const bool enableValidationLayers = false; #else const bool enableValidationLayers = true; #endif VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) { auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"); if (func != nullptr) { return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger); } else { return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT; } } void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) { auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"); if (func != nullptr) { func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator); } } struct QueueFamilyIndices { std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily; std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily; bool isComplete() { return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value(); } }; struct SwapChainSupportDetails { VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities; std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats; std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes; }; class HelloTriangleApplication { public: void run() { initWindow(); initVulkan(); mainLoop(); cleanup(); } private: GLFWwindow* window; VkInstance instance; VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger; VkSurfaceKHR surface; VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE; VkDevice device; VkQueue graphicsQueue; VkQueue presentQueue; VkSwapchainKHR swapChain; std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages; VkFormat swapChainImageFormat; VkExtent2D swapChainExtent; std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews; std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers; VkRenderPass renderPass; VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout; VkPipeline graphicsPipeline; VkCommandPool commandPool; std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers; std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores; std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores; std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences; std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight; size_t currentFrame = 0; void initWindow() { glfwInit(); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE); window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr); } void initVulkan() { createInstance(); setupDebugMessenger(); createSurface(); pickPhysicalDevice(); createLogicalDevice(); createSwapChain(); createImageViews(); createRenderPass(); createGraphicsPipeline(); createFramebuffers(); createCommandPool(); createCommandBuffers(); createSyncObjects(); } void mainLoop() { while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) { glfwPollEvents(); drawFrame(); } vkDeviceWaitIdle(device); } void cleanup() { for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr); vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr); vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr); } vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr); for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) { vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr); } vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr); vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr); vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr); for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) { vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr); } vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr); vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr); if (enableValidationLayers) { DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr); } vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr); vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr); glfwDestroyWindow(window); glfwTerminate(); } void createInstance() { if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) { throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!"); } VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {}; appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO; appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle"; appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0); appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine"; appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0); appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0; VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo; auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions(); createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data(); VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo; if (enableValidationLayers) { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data(); populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo); createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo; } else { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0; createInfo.pNext = nullptr; } if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!"); } } void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) { createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT; createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT; createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT; createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback; } void setupDebugMessenger() { if (!enableValidationLayers) return; VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo; populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo); if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!"); } } void createSurface() { if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!"); } } void pickPhysicalDevice() { uint32_t deviceCount = 0; vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr); if (deviceCount == 0) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!"); } std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount); vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data()); for (const auto& device : devices) { if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) { physicalDevice = device; break; } } if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!"); } } void createLogicalDevice() { QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos; std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() }; float queuePriority = 1.0f; for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) { VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {}; queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO; queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily; queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1; queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority; queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo); } VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {}; VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size()); createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data(); createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures; createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data(); if (enableValidationLayers) { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data(); } else { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0; } if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!"); } vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue); vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue); } void createSwapChain() { SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice); VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats); VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes); VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities); uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1; if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) { imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount; } VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR; createInfo.surface = surface; createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount; createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format; createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace; createInfo.imageExtent = extent; createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1; createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT; QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() }; if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) { createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT; createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2; createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices; } else { createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE; } createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform; createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR; createInfo.presentMode = presentMode; createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE; createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE; if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!"); } vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr); swapChainImages.resize(imageCount); vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data()); swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format; swapChainExtent = extent; } void createImageViews() { swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size()); for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) { VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i]; createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D; createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat; createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT; createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0; createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1; createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0; createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1; if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!"); } } } void createRenderPass() { VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {}; colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat; colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR; colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE; colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE; colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE; colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR; VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {}; colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0; colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL; VkSubpassDescription subpass = {}; subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS; subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1; subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef; VkSubpassDependency dependency = {}; dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL; dependency.dstSubpass = 0; dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; dependency.srcAccessMask = 0; dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT; VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {}; renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO; renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment; renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass; renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency; if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!"); } } void createGraphicsPipeline() { auto vertShaderCode = readFile("vert.spv"); auto fragShaderCode = readFile("frag.spv"); VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode); VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode); VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {}; vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT; vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule; vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main"; VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {}; fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule; fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main"; VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo }; VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {}; vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO; vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0; vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0; VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {}; inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO; inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST; inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE; VkViewport viewport = {}; viewport.x = 0.0f; viewport.y = 0.0f; viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width; viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height; viewport.minDepth = 0.0f; viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f; VkRect2D scissor = {}; scissor.offset = {0, 0}; scissor.extent = swapChainExtent; VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {}; viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO; viewportState.viewportCount = 1; viewportState.pViewports = &viewport; viewportState.scissorCount = 1; viewportState.pScissors = &scissor; VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {}; rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO; rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE; rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE; rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL; rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f; rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT; rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE; rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE; VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {}; multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO; multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE; multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {}; colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT; colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE; VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {}; colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO; colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE; colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1; colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment; colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {}; pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO; pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!"); } VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {}; pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO; pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2; pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages; pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo; pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly; pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState; pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer; pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling; pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending; pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout; pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass; pipelineInfo.subpass = 0; pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!"); } vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr); vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr); } void createFramebuffers() { swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size()); for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) { VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] }; VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {}; framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO; framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass; framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1; framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments; framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width; framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height; framebufferInfo.layers = 1; if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!"); } } } void createCommandPool() { QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {}; poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO; poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value(); if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!"); } } void createCommandBuffers() { commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size()); VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {}; allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO; allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool; allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY; allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size(); if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!"); } for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) { VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {}; beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO; if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!"); } VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {}; renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO; renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass; renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i]; renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent; VkClearValue clearColor = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }; renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor; vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE); vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline); vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0); vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]); if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!"); } } } void createSyncObjects() { imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE); VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {}; semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO; VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {}; fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO; fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT; for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!"); } } } void drawFrame() { vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX); uint32_t imageIndex; vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex); if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) { vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX); } imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame]; VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {}; submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO; VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] }; VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT }; submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1; submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores; submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages; submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1; submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex]; VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] }; submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1; submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores; vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]); if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!"); } VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {}; presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR; presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1; presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores; VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain }; presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1; presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains; presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex; vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo); currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; } VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) { VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.codeSize = code.size(); createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data()); VkShaderModule shaderModule; if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!"); } return shaderModule; } VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) { for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) { if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) { return availableFormat; } } return availableFormats[0]; } VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) { for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) { if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) { return availablePresentMode; } } return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR; } VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) { if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) { return capabilities.currentExtent; } else { VkExtent2D actualExtent = { WIDTH, HEIGHT }; actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width)); actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height)); return actualExtent; } } SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) { SwapChainSupportDetails details; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities); uint32_t formatCount; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr); if (formatCount != 0) { details.formats.resize(formatCount); vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data()); } uint32_t presentModeCount; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr); if (presentModeCount != 0) { details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount); vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data()); } return details; } bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) { QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device); bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device); bool swapChainAdequate = false; if (extensionsSupported) { SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device); swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty(); } return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate; } bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) { uint32_t extensionCount; vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr); std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount); vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data()); std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end()); for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) { requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName); } return requiredExtensions.empty(); } QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) { QueueFamilyIndices indices; uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0; vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr); std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount); vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data()); int i = 0; for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) { if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) { indices.graphicsFamily = i; } VkBool32 presentSupport = false; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport); if (presentSupport) { indices.presentFamily = i; } if (indices.isComplete()) { break; } i++; } return indices; } std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() { uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0; const char** glfwExtensions; glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount); std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount); if (enableValidationLayers) { extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME); } return extensions; } bool checkValidationLayerSupport() { //initialize an integer to hold the amount of layers uint32_t layerCount; //tell me the number of layers available. vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr); //print out the number of layers available. in my case it is 18 printf("Number of layers available: %d \n", layerCount); //initialize a structure that specifies layer properties //availableLayers should have 18 layers (in my case) std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount); //fill availableLayers with more useful information vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data()); printf("\nNames of the layers available \n"); for (const auto& cuda_education_properties : availableLayers) { std::cout << "Name: " << cuda_education_properties.layerName << '\n'; std::cout << "Vulkan version layer written to: " << cuda_education_properties.specVersion << '\n'; std::cout << "Implementation version of layer: " << cuda_education_properties.implementationVersion << '\n'; std::cout << "Description: " << cuda_education_properties.description << '\n'; printf("\n"); } //compare requested validation layer names with available names. //if there is a match for all, return true. otherwise return false for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) { bool layerFound = false; for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) { if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) { layerFound = true; break; } } if (!layerFound) { return false; } } return true; } static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) { std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary); if (!file.is_open()) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!"); } size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg(); std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize); file.seekg(0); file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize); file.close(); return buffer; } static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) { std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl; return VK_FALSE; } }; int main() { HelloTriangleApplication app; try { app.run(); } catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } |