This tutorial discussing using a staging buffer to transport data from the CPU to a vertex buffer featuring device local memory (aka GPU local memory). We talk about buffer copy operations, among other things. All Cuda Education tutorials feature running […]
This tutorial discusses the vertex buffer in the Vulkan API.
This tutorial focuses on how to handle resizing of the presentation window. When you change the dimensions of the window, Vulkan needs to recreate the swapchain which is used to present pixels on the screen. We review and run code […]
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//Credit: Cudaeducation.com | A significant portion of this code is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 //INSTRUCTIONS: Update readfile directories on line 476-477 | Also make sure that include directories are correct #define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN #include <GLFW/glfw3.h> #define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS #define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE #include <glm/vec4.hpp> #include <glm/mat4x4.hpp> #include <iostream> #include <fstream> #include <stdexcept> #include <algorithm> #include <vector> #include <cstring> #include <cstdlib> #include <cstdint> #include <optional> #include <set> const int WIDTH = 800; const int HEIGHT = 600; const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2; const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = { "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" }; const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = { VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME }; #ifdef NDEBUG const bool enableValidationLayers = false; #else const bool enableValidationLayers = true; #endif VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) { auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"); if (func != nullptr) { return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger); } else { return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT; } } void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) { auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT"); if (func != nullptr) { func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator); } } struct QueueFamilyIndices { std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily; std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily; bool isComplete() { return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value(); } }; struct SwapChainSupportDetails { VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities; std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats; std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes; }; class HelloTriangleApplication { public: void run() { initWindow(); initVulkan(); mainLoop(); cleanup(); } private: GLFWwindow* window; VkInstance instance; VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger; VkSurfaceKHR surface; VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE; VkDevice device; VkQueue graphicsQueue; VkQueue presentQueue; VkSwapchainKHR swapChain; std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages; VkFormat swapChainImageFormat; VkExtent2D swapChainExtent; std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews; std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers; VkRenderPass renderPass; VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout; VkPipeline graphicsPipeline; VkCommandPool commandPool; std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers; std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores; std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores; std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences; std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight; size_t currentFrame = 0; bool framebufferResized = false; void initWindow() { glfwInit(); glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API); window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr); glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this); glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback); } static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) { auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window)); app->framebufferResized = true; } void initVulkan() { createInstance(); setupDebugMessenger(); createSurface(); pickPhysicalDevice(); createLogicalDevice(); createSwapChain(); createImageViews(); createRenderPass(); createGraphicsPipeline(); createFramebuffers(); createCommandPool(); createCommandBuffers(); createSyncObjects(); } void mainLoop() { while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) { glfwPollEvents(); drawFrame(); } vkDeviceWaitIdle(device); } void cleanupSwapChain() { for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) { vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr); } vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data()); vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr); vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr); vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr); for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) { vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr); } vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr); } void cleanup() { cleanupSwapChain(); for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr); vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr); vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr); } vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr); vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr); if (enableValidationLayers) { DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr); } vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr); vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr); glfwDestroyWindow(window); glfwTerminate(); } void recreateSwapChain() { int width = 0, height = 0; glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height); while (width == 0 || height == 0) { glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height); glfwWaitEvents(); } vkDeviceWaitIdle(device); cleanupSwapChain(); createSwapChain(); createImageViews(); createRenderPass(); createGraphicsPipeline(); createFramebuffers(); createCommandBuffers(); } void createInstance() { if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) { throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!"); } VkApplicationInfo appInfo{}; appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO; appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle"; appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0); appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine"; appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0); appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0; VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo; auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions(); createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data(); VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo; if (enableValidationLayers) { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data(); populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo); createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo; } else { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0; createInfo.pNext = nullptr; } if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!"); } } void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) { createInfo = {}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT; createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT; createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT; createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback; } void setupDebugMessenger() { if (!enableValidationLayers) return; VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo; populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo); if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!"); } } void createSurface() { if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!"); } } void pickPhysicalDevice() { uint32_t deviceCount = 0; vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr); if (deviceCount == 0) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!"); } std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount); vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data()); for (const auto& device : devices) { if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) { physicalDevice = device; break; } } if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!"); } } void createLogicalDevice() { QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos; std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() }; float queuePriority = 1.0f; for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) { VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{}; queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO; queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily; queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1; queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority; queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo); } VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{}; VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size()); createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data(); createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures; createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data(); if (enableValidationLayers) { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size()); createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data(); } else { createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0; } if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!"); } vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue); vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue); } void createSwapChain() { SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice); VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats); VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes); VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities); uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1; if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) { imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount; } VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR; createInfo.surface = surface; createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount; createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format; createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace; createInfo.imageExtent = extent; createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1; createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT; QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() }; if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) { createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT; createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2; createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices; } else { createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE; } createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform; createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR; createInfo.presentMode = presentMode; createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE; if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!"); } vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr); swapChainImages.resize(imageCount); vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data()); swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format; swapChainExtent = extent; } void createImageViews() { swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size()); for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) { VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i]; createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D; createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat; createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT; createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0; createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1; createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0; createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1; if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!"); } } } void createRenderPass() { VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{}; colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat; colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR; colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE; colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE; colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE; colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED; colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR; VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{}; colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0; colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL; VkSubpassDescription subpass{}; subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS; subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1; subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef; VkSubpassDependency dependency{}; dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL; dependency.dstSubpass = 0; dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; dependency.srcAccessMask = 0; dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT; dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT; VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{}; renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO; renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment; renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass; renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency; if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!"); } } void createGraphicsPipeline() { auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv"); auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv"); VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode); VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode); VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{}; vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT; vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule; vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main"; VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{}; fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO; fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT; fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule; fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main"; VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo }; VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{}; vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO; vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 0; vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 0; VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{}; inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO; inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST; inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE; VkViewport viewport{}; viewport.x = 0.0f; viewport.y = 0.0f; viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width; viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height; viewport.minDepth = 0.0f; viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f; VkRect2D scissor{}; scissor.offset = { 0, 0 }; scissor.extent = swapChainExtent; VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{}; viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO; viewportState.viewportCount = 1; viewportState.pViewports = &viewport; viewportState.scissorCount = 1; viewportState.pScissors = &scissor; VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{}; rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO; rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE; rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE; rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL; rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f; rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT; rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE; rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE; VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{}; multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO; multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE; multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT; VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{}; colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT; colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE; VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{}; colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO; colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE; colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1; colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment; colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{}; pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO; pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!"); } VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{}; pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO; pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2; pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages; pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo; pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly; pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState; pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer; pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling; pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending; pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout; pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass; pipelineInfo.subpass = 0; pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!"); } vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr); vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr); } void createFramebuffers() { swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size()); for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) { VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] }; VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{}; framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO; framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass; framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1; framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments; framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width; framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height; framebufferInfo.layers = 1; if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!"); } } } void createCommandPool() { QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice); VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{}; poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO; poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value(); if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!"); } } void createCommandBuffers() { commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size()); VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{}; allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO; allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool; allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY; allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size(); if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!"); } for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) { VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{}; beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO; if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!"); } VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{}; renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO; renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass; renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i]; renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent; VkClearValue clearColor = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }; renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1; renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor; vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE); vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline); vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0); vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]); if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!"); } } } void createSyncObjects() { imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT); imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE); VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{}; semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO; VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{}; fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO; fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT; for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) { if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS || vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!"); } } } void drawFrame() { vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX); uint32_t imageIndex; VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex); if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) { recreateSwapChain(); return; } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!"); } if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) { vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX); } imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame]; VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{}; submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO; VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] }; VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT }; submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1; submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores; submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages; submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1; submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex]; VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] }; submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1; submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores; vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]); if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!"); } VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{}; presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR; presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1; presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores; VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain }; presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1; presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains; presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex; result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo); if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) { framebufferResized = false; recreateSwapChain(); } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!"); } currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; } VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) { VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{}; createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO; createInfo.codeSize = code.size(); createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data()); VkShaderModule shaderModule; if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!"); } return shaderModule; } VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) { for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) { if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) { return availableFormat; } } return availableFormats[0]; } VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) { for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) { if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) { return availablePresentMode; } } return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR; } VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) { if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) { return capabilities.currentExtent; } else { int width, height; glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height); VkExtent2D actualExtent = { static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height) }; actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width)); actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height, std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height)); return actualExtent; } } SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) { SwapChainSupportDetails details; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities); uint32_t formatCount; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr); if (formatCount != 0) { details.formats.resize(formatCount); vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data()); } uint32_t presentModeCount; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr); if (presentModeCount != 0) { details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount); vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data()); } return details; } bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) { QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device); bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device); bool swapChainAdequate = false; if (extensionsSupported) { SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device); swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty(); } return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate; } bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) { uint32_t extensionCount; vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr); std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount); vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data()); std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end()); for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) { requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName); } return requiredExtensions.empty(); } QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) { QueueFamilyIndices indices; uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0; vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr); std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount); vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data()); int i = 0; for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) { if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) { indices.graphicsFamily = i; } VkBool32 presentSupport = false; vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport); if (presentSupport) { indices.presentFamily = i; } if (indices.isComplete()) { break; } i++; } return indices; } std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() { uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0; const char** glfwExtensions; glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount); std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount); if (enableValidationLayers) { extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME); } return extensions; } bool checkValidationLayerSupport() { uint32_t layerCount; vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr); std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount); vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data()); for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) { bool layerFound = false; for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) { if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) { layerFound = true; break; } } if (!layerFound) { return false; } } return true; } static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) { std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary); if (!file.is_open()) { throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!"); } size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg(); std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize); file.seekg(0); file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize); file.close(); return buffer; } static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) { std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl; return VK_FALSE; } }; int main() { HelloTriangleApplication app; try { app.run(); } catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl; return EXIT_FAILURE; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } |
This tutorial discusses fences and semaphores, which are important synchronization concepts in the Vulkan API.
This is tutorial focuses on discussing framebuffers, command pools, command buffers, render pass, synchronization, presentation, swapchain etc. We review and run code that is freely available on the internet during the discussion. If you’d like a video walkthrough of how […]
https://core.ac.uk/reader/323473500
An overview of the viewport + scissors, rasterizer, render pass, subpass and other items in the Vulkan API. A video walkthrough that is 60+ minutes long. We use running source code to demonstrate each feature.